Trans saharan caravan trade. AP World History Flashcards 2019-03-06
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15th Century West Africa Trade Routes
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Bovill surveyed all the known information on the links between western Africa and northern markets. A 6-day adventure retracing the steps of the ancient trans-Saharan trade routes Follow the legendary trans-Saharan caravan routes and experience Moroccan kasbahs, remote villages, nomad life in the desert and camel riding. A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. All of these routes were used for the journey of the Trans-Saharan Caravan trades. This is a collection of articles, some of which were presented at a conference on caravan trade organized by the Libyan Studies Center in 2006.
In Bono-Mansu, however, horses could not flourish because of the tsetse fly. Given their conjectural nature, it is best not to make much out of these numbers. It includes research on topics ranging from the organization of caravan trade, patterns of trans-Saharan migration, and contraband activities, to the trans-Saharan trade in camels for butcher. Written by a gentleman-scholar whose passion for African history was sparked after he served in the West African Frontier Forces in Kano, Nigeria. History of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes in Mauritania - Mauritania became an important stopover for the trans-Saharan trade caravan with the most important trade routes being made through the old towns of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata. In the seventh century, the Arabs emerged as the dominant power in North Africa and spearheaded the spread of militant Islam. Taxation, law, and state offices all developed alongside the literate class which became vital to the functioning of the states of the Sahel.
The off springs of black concubines with their Arab masters were free and merged gradually into the North African population, although is some areas they were also killed. North Africa had declined in both political and economic importance, while the Saharan crossing remained long and treacherous. The Romans had other sources of gold and slaves, such as Britain and the Balkan countries. The Trans-Sahara trade refers to the trade between West African Kingdoms south of the Sahara and Arab and Amazigh Berber Kingdoms on Africa's Mediterranean coast. The other was in the forests of the Gold Coast. The high status of these scholars is shown by the fact that the great Timbuktu scholar Ahmad Baba had as his main shaykh or religious instructor a scholar from Djenné on the Niger. They can also tolerate the desert's intense heat during the day and cold at night.
On the one hand, they had to be seen as Muslims in order to be able to entice the trans-Saharan traders: and yet at the same time, they had to be able to relate to their subjects, many of whom were not Muslims. Seaport cities developed along the coast of North Africa including Marrakesh, Tunis, and Cairo. Rabat, Morocco: Top Press, 2009. The temperatures fluctuated wildly: in the day they could get up to 110°F, occasioning acute thirst and asphyxiation; at night they could drop to as low as 20oF. Introduction The motives which brought the people of West Africa into contact with the peoples of North Africa were primarily economic in origin. This occurred in West Africa with the trans-Saharan trade; and the social frameworks which emerged with this trade then became influential in shaping the early trans-Atlantic trade.
Many of the goods especially gold and salt probably traveledas far as Persia and all of Europe. Traders and Diasporas The traders who specialised in linking up the different centres of the trans-Saharan trade were known as the Wangara. Africa was transformed due to the trade. Both of these locations were routine stops for merchants on the caravan trade route. Naturally, the slaves were the first to suffer from exhaustion and fatigue. These were traded for gold, ivory, woods such as ebony, and agricultural products such as kola nuts a stimulant as they contain caffeine. West African mining technology, economic transformation, and political reorganization grew.
In the Gold Coast, this came in a series of powerful Akan states, beginning with Bono-Mansu in the 14 th century, and then continuing through Denkyira and Akwamu to 1700, all of whom relied on the gold trade. The gold was carried to the north, where it was probably used for payment of dates, corn and such handicrafts which the nomads could not produce themselves. General Overviews This section lists publications that provide broad historical and cultural contexts for understanding trans-Saharan trade. Along with trading goods, the Berbers also brought the faith of Islam to the region of West Africa. The desert-dwelling nomads, especially the Berbers, often lived off the pillage of travelers crossing the Sahara.
Xiongnu is the Chinese name for the confederacy of Turkish-speaking peoples who were nomadic herders of horses, sheep, and camels in Central Asia. Extensive hemorrhage which could not be stopped by traditional cauterization was rampant, and produced high mortality rates. A vital change occurred in this time, spearheaded by the Almoravid movement. Yet the conversion did not include any recognition of the political supremacy of North African rulers. One of the earliest sources of direct evidence of slave export from the western Sudan across the Sahara comes from al-Yakub, a ninth-century Arab writer who observed that Berber traders from Kawar brought back black slaves from Kanem to Zawila, the capital of Fezzan.
Nomadic Amazigh Tribes, like the Touareg, that knew tha desert were primarily the ones who crossed the Sahara using camels. The Ghana empire with its capital of Kumbi Saleh in Mauritainia, is not to be confused with modern Ghana with its capital at Accra, which was named after it. These huge Arab caravans carried things like silk, salt and textiles to the people of Africa. The popular tendency to assess the impact of the slave trade with an emphasis on numbers tends to ignore and underplay the miseries and the indignities to which the victims were subjected, as well as the societal dislocations the slave-induced raids and wars caused. This meant that society had to be organised so that people would fulfill that role, and be able to carry headloads of gold, kola nuts, ivory, and more. Ken Feisel What was the nature of trade in the region before Islam and what impact did the religion have on commerce? Also, Mali opened up to more Arab scholars who were attracted by the immense wealth Mansa Musa displayed.
Mountain Berbers today As Adu Boahen has explained , the Trans-Saharan caravan trade began to take place on a regular basis during the fourth century, as an expanded version of the pre-existing intra and interregional trade among peoples of the forest, savanna, Sahel, and Sahara. In Western areas such as Mauritania, these were known as the zwāya, and in the later 17 th century they would have a major role in the Islamic revival movement which spread in the 18 th century. The most important of them was a new religion, Islam, which was adopted in the states belonging to the sphere of the caravan trade by the end of the eleventh century. Because of it, Timbuktu was founded and established, Isla … mic religion prospered, internal trade arose, and the northern and southern areas of the Sahara became significant for the goods they produced. Islam caused an internal tension in West Africa societies which occasionally broke out as civil wars, if the ruler could not maintain the balancy between the Muslim and traditionalist cliques.
Rock art from this period, and later, suggests the existence of wheeled chariots south of what is now the Sahara, and suggest a connection with the Mediterranean world. It has been estimated that, during the Middle Ages, a total of 2 million slaves were exported across the Sahara. But trade routes to the West African coast became increasingly easy, particularly after the invasion of the in the 1890s and subsequent construction of to the interior. It was the control of this trans-Saharan trade that fueled medieval West Africa's greatest empires, those of Ghana not to be confused with the modern country , which flourished between the ninth and eleventh centuries A. Although much reduced, trans-Saharan trade continued. Developments in metal tools shifted from bronze to iron.
